Freely soluble in ethanol and fixed oils; insoluble in water (use polysorbate 1:1–1:3 for aqueous systems); soluble in PG/DPG and IPM for candles and cosmetics.
Green pepper Jun–Aug, red pepper Aug–Sep, Hanyuan late Aug–Sep; fresh-oil window Jul–Nov; year-round supply from sealed-drum stock; new-crop booking Apr–Jun.